Why Is Translocation Important To Plants?

What is the significance of translocation in plants?

Focus Issue on Legume Biology – Translocation or long distance transport in plants is achieved by a vascular network that connects and is an integral part of all organs. The vasculature comprises two distinctly different and separate cellular translocation pathways: xylem and phloem.

The principal xylem pathway is the transpiration stream that moves nutrients and water taken up by roots to the shoot. This stream also bears products of root metabolism and solutes that reflect features of the internal and external root environment. Phloem provides the means for redistributing xylem-delivered solutes to weakly transpiring organs, but most significantly phloem distributes the carbon assimilated by photosynthesis (principally as Suc) to heterotrophic organs like roots, vegetative and reproductive apices, flowers, fruits, and developing seeds.

Together these two translocation streams provide all the nutrients and assimilates, in appropriate forms and proportions, to enable growth and development in an ordered and regulated fashion. Because translocation connects distant components of the plant body, xylem and phloem have long been considered to fulfill a role in communicating between organs, through the movement of plant hormones and other signaling molecules.

Such signals are envisaged to move with assimilates by mass flow. However, phloem also transmits pressure/concentration (turgor) information at rates greatly in excess of mass flow of solutes ( Thompson and Holbrook, 2004 ) and long distance electrical signaling is also thought to be directionally propagated via vascular bundles ( Brenner et al., 2006 ).

These action potential or osmotic signals may prove to have a significant regulatory role in terms of phloem function but are outside the scope of this article. Most recently our understanding of the functional significance of phloem has been extended with the realization that it also provides a conduit for trafficking macromolecules (nucleic acids and proteins), some of which may regulate gene expression as a consequence of their translocation ( Banerjee et al., 2006 ; Lough and Lucas, 2006 ; Jones-Rhoades et al., 2006 ).

Why is translocation important to plants GCSE?

Plant cells, tissues and organs are adapted to their functions. The stem, root and leaves form an organ system that transports substances into, around and out of a plant. The leaves are the main organ of photosynthesis.

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During photosynthesis, plants produce glucose from simple inorganic molecules – carbon dioxide and water – using light energy. Some of the glucose produced by photosynthesis is used for respiration, This releases energy for the seven life processes. Translocation is the movement of sugar produced in photosynthesis to all other parts of the plant for respiration and the other processes described above.

Why is translocation important a level biology?

Tracer Experiments – Tracer experiments can also be used to track the movement of substances in plants. The process is below:

Controlled plants grow, The environment these plants are grown in contains radioactively labelled carbon dioxide ( 14 CO 2 ) from the isotope 14 C.

Altered sugars, The 14 CO 2 gets incorporated into the sugar produced during photosynthesis.

Tracing, This allows the radioactive sugars to be traced, as they move around during translocation, by using an autoradiograph.

Autoradiography, Placing cross-sections of the plant onto X-ray film will cause the film to become blackened if it gets exposed to radiation produced by the 14 C in the sugar.

Blackened areas correspond to phloem tissue, As other tissues don’t blacken film, it follows that they 14 C sugars do, giving an insight into the fact that only phloem are responsible for their translocation.

A-level Biology – Evidence of the Mass Flow Hypothesis →What is Translocation in Biology? Translocation in Biology refers to the movement of substances across cell membranes, such as the movement of glucose from the blood into the cells. This process is facilitated by specific transport proteins in the cell membrane.

1. What is the Mass Flow Hypothesis? The Mass Flow Hypothesis is a theory that explains the movement of water and solutes from high to low concentration across a selectively permeable membrane.
2. It states that the movement of water and solutes is driven by a concentration gradient, with the movement occurring from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

→What is the evidence for the Mass Flow Hypothesis? There is a wealth of evidence for the Mass Flow Hypothesis, including experiments using osmosis, where water moves from a high concentration to a low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.

Additionally, studies on plant cells have shown that solutes move from the roots to the shoots in response to changes in solute concentration, further supporting the Mass Flow Hypothesis. →How does Translocation support the Mass Flow Hypothesis? Translocation supports the Mass Flow Hypothesis by demonstrating the movement of substances across cell membranes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

The transport proteins in the cell membrane facilitate this movement by allowing the substances to cross the membrane. →What is the importance of the Mass Flow Hypothesis for plants? The Mass Flow Hypothesis is crucial for the survival and growth of plants, as it helps to explain how water and essential nutrients move from the roots to the shoots and leaves.

1. This movement is necessary for the plant to maintain turgor pressure and regulate its water balance, as well as for the transport of photosynthetic products from the leaves to the rest of the plant.
2. How does the Mass Flow Hypothesis apply to other biological systems? The Mass Flow Hypothesis applies to other biological systems, such as the transport of substances across the plasma membrane of animal cells and the movement of fluids and solutes across the filtration barrier in the kidneys.

In all of these systems, the movement of substances is driven by a concentration gradient, with the movement occurring from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. →How does the Mass Flow Hypothesis relate to other theories of transport across membranes? The Mass Flow Hypothesis is related to other theories of transport across membranes, such as facilitated diffusion and active transport. Applicable to all exam boards – instructions will be sent to your inbox

What is the benefit of translocation?

Habitat benefits – Conservation translocations can:

increase the overall species richness of a habitat to enhance its biodiversity increase the quality of a habitat quality improve ecosystem services and functions – for example, introducing a bee to a new area could help to pollinate rare wild flowers

What is translocation and how could it be beneficial?

What is a translocation? – Translocation is the managed movement of live indigenous plants or animals (taonga) from one location to another. Translocation covers the entire process, including planning, the transfers, release, monitoring and post-release management.

As a short or long term way to increase a species’ chance of survival or recovery – a translocation enables new populations to be established, existing populations to be enhanced, or locally extinct species to be re-established. As part of a restoration programme. To establish a species for a specific purpose such as advocacy, education or scientific study.

How does translocation affect genetic diversity?

Definitions of reintroduction, augmentation, assisted colonisation and ecological replacement – Several sources provide detailed definitions of the various types of translocation interventions (IUCN, 2013 ; Seddon, 2010 ). We outline how we use the different terms below: Within the species’ range:

if conspecifics are absent (i.e., locally extirpated): reintroduction (synonym: reestablishment). if conspecifics are present: augmentation (synonyms: population reinforcement, supplementation, restocking, enhancement and assisted gene flow). If the goal is specifically to increase population fitness by the introduction of new alleles, this may be referred to as genetic rescue,

Outside of the species’ range (not common for lions):

if the purpose is to avoid extinction as a result of loss of populations within the species’ range: assisted colonisation (synonyms: assisted migration and managed relocation). if the purpose is to restore ecological function, e.g., as a result of the local extinction of an ecologically similar species: ecological replacement (synonyms: ecological substitute and taxon substitution).

If the focus is on the translocated individual, rather than on the target population or the ecological function it may provide, some organisations use the term rewilding, This typically involves a captive animal being introduced into an area where it can be free‐roaming for nonconsumptive purposes and possibly lead to restoring populations and ecological function (Carey, 2016 ). In the case of lions, of the categories mentioned in Box 1, reintroductions and population augmentations are most common, and we therefore focus on these when we refer to translocations. We emphasise that the classification depends on the context in which a translocated individual is being released. For example, translocation as nonlethal control, such as the translocation of a damage causing animal, could technically fall within any of the main categories, depending on the target location for release. Furthermore, there are major differences among countries in how wildlife is managed, including what is regarded as a wild population. In the Republic of South Africa (RSA), lions and other wildlife are most intensively managed, often in fenced reserves (Miller et al., 2013 ; Wells, 1996 ). These intensively managed populations have a somewhat exceptional status, since they are the result of reintroductions with subsequent regular translocations between populations to mimic natural movements (Miller et al., 2015 ). They are located in at least 45 smaller, fenced areas (<1000 km 2 ), harbouring ~700 lions (Miller et al., 2013 ). We include them in this study as ‘managed metapopulation' (unlike the lions from the captive breeding facilities, which are not included in this study), as they are frequently used as a source for translocations (African Parks, 2015 ; Briers‐Louw et al., 2019 ; also see the CITES Trade Database mining exercise in this study). In many cases, the genetic background is known (Miller et al., 2015 ), but this type of information is often too scattered or inaccessible for managers to be included in conservation decisions. Hence, there is a need for a thorough overview of the current state of knowledge on lion genetic variation and the translation of this genetic information into a decision‐making tool for managers. Scattered data, as well as poor documentation of previous translocation efforts, have also been identified as a management challenge for other species, such as black rhinoceros (Moodley et al., 2017 ), giraffe (Muller, 2019 ; Winter et al., 2019 ) and wildebeest (Grobler et al., 2011 ). Considering the similarity in phylogeographic patterns across African mammals (Bertola et al., 2016 ), well‐designed recommendations for lions may also indirectly provide guidelines for other species. During the past 10 years, our understanding of intraspecific patterns of variation in the lion has substantially improved (Antunes et al., 2008 ; Barnett et al., 2014 ; Barnett et al., 2006 ; Bertola et al., 2019 ; Bertola et al., 2015, 2016 ; Bertola, van Hooft, et al., 2011 ; Curry et al., 2020 ; de Manuel et al., 2020 ; Dubach et al., 2005 ; 2013 ; Tensen et al., 2018 ) (Figure ​ 1 ). Here, we refer to genetic variation for both differentiation between populations or genetic clades, and diversity within populations, both of which can be affected by translocations. Patterns of differentiation between populations are influenced both by nonadaptive drivers, including demographic histories and connectivity across the landscape, as well as potential adaptation to local conditions (Cortázar‐Chinarro et al., 2017 ; Pfeifer et al., 2018 ). At a larger geographic scale, species may lose variation by local extinctions of populations (Ceballos et al., 2017 ); at the local scale, small and isolated populations risk losing genetic diversity as a result of individuals becoming more closely related (inbreeding) and through stochastic processes (genetic drift). Translocations may counteract both by reintroducing individuals to areas where they have previously gone extinct and by mimicking natural gene flow to counteract local loss of genetic diversity and associated fitness consequences (inbreeding depression) (Gaitán‐Espitia & Hobday, 2021 ). The distribution of genetic variation in the lion, based on previous studies (see text). Colours of the lion range indicate genetic lineages based on mitochondrial DNA; delineation indicates genetic lineages based on nuclear DNA. Natural suture zones are indicated by shading.

• Dashed lines indicate uncertainty regarding the exact boundary, as this is inferred from available sampling localities and/or suture zones.
• This also holds true for the overlapping colours in the lion range in southern Africa.
• We indicate the availability of genetic data and the certainty of these inferences in Table S1,

Lion populations affected by previous translocations crossing phylogenetic clades leading to a hybrid character are indicated with grey lion symbols (details in Table S1 ) As global biodiversity is declining at an unprecedented rate, it is key to assess patterns of genetic variation, both between and within populations, and incorporate relevant data into population management and policy (Des Roches et al., 2021 ; Hoban et al., 2020 ; Laikre et al., 2020 ).

1. Here we formulate recommendations on including genetic information as part of the decision‐making process for translocations.
2. Natural dispersal capability of lions can provide guidance; however, existing patterns of genetic variation should be taken into account, in particular for long‐distance translocations.

This information can be used to guide decisions for source/target populations for translocations, as well as to review past management interventions. To gain insight into the extent and the directions of past translocations, we collected information from the CITES Trade Database on the transboundary trade of lions within and into Africa, spanning four decades.

We focus on cases where there is a considerable risk that translocated animals have, or may in the future, interact and breed with wild lions in the target area, since this has the potential to compromise existing patterns of genetic variation. We acknowledge that there are constraints related to the lack of availability of suitable genetic stock and/or difficulties associated with getting permission for translocations from certain countries, which may result in the reintroduction of genetically suboptimal individuals to target sites.

This study, however, was not executed with the goal to criticise past efforts or restrict current initiatives, but rather to understand the magnitude and direction of lion translocations and to provide a resource for future planning. In order to select populations, individuals and release sites in line with our current understanding of lion genetic variation, we therefore developed a hierarchical decision‐making tool, and we highlight different levels of suitability, which can be used by decision makers in lion range states when planning translocations.

What are the impacts of translocation?

Translocation is the deliberate human-assisted movement of animals from one area to another. It involves the capture, handling and transport of the animals, and their release and acclimatisation to the new site. Translocation of wildlife is often suggested as a more humane alternative to destruction when there are human-wildlife conflicts; however, translocation programs have a high failure rate and pose significant risks that must be considered.

Translocation poses significant welfare risks for the translocated animals. Capture, handling and release of wildlife into unfamiliar areas causes significant stress to the translocated animals. Stressed animals are prone to succumb to a range of threats including predation, parasitism, disease and misadventure, such as collision with hazards, due to their unfamiliarity with their new surroundings.

Translocation of wildlife also poses risks to the existing population or other species at the release site. For example, translocated animals may carry diseases or parasites not previously found at the release site. Limits on the availability of food and shelter often determine the number of individuals of a particular species that an area can support.

1. Release of an animal into an area already fully occupied will likely mean that the relocated animal will either not be able to find shelter or food or will be stressed by aggressive interactions with its own species over territory.
2. Translocation programs must therefore be carefully planned, implemented, monitored and documented to ensure they have the highest chance of success, protect animal welfare and minimise impacts to other species.

The benefits of translocating non-threatened wildlife often do not outweigh the risks, and for that reason, translocation of non-threatened native wildlife is generally not supported by the Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Action (DEECA).

What are the two functions of translocation?

What are the functions of translocation

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Posted by Rakshitha Rakshitha 4 years ago CBSE > Class 10 > Science

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Sia ? 4 years ago The transport of food from the leaves to other parts of the plants occurs through the vascular tissue known as phloem. This process is called translocation. The food made by the leaves of the plant is necessary to be translocated to all the other parts of the plant so that every part of the plant can utilize the food for obtaining energy as well as for growth and repair.0 Thank You ANSWER

Is translocation good or bad?

Abstract – Translocations arise when an end of one chromosome break is mistakenly joined to an end from a different chromosome break. Since translocations can lead to developmental disease and cancer, it is important to understand the mechanisms leading these chromosome rearrangements.

We review how characteristics of the sources and the cellular responses to chromosome breaks contribute to the accumulation of multiple chromosome breaks at the same moment in time. We also discuss the important role for chromosome break location; how translocation potential is impacted by the location of chromosome breaks both within chromatin and within the nucleus, as well as the effect of altered mobility of chromosome breaks.

A common theme in work addressing both temporal and spatial contributions to translocation is that there is no shortage of examples of factors that promote translocation in one context, but have no impact or the opposite impact in another. Accordingly, a clear message for future work on translocation mechanism is that unlike normal DNA metabolic pathways, it isn’t easily modeled as a simple, linear pathway that is uniformly followed regardless of differing cellular contexts.

How does translocation affect a plant’s yield?

Because translocation is responsible for the delivery of nutrients to developing seeds and fruits, this process is critical to the achievement of optimal crop yield. It also accounts for the ultimate nutritional composition of plant foods important to humans.

How do translocations affect gene function?

A chromosomal translocation can broadly result in either juxtaposition of oncogenes near promoter/enhancer elements (A) or gene fusions (B). Both results in the deregulation of the expression of genes affecting various cellular and physiological processes like proliferation, differentiation, motility and apoptosis.

Does translocation cause problems?

Translocation Down Syndrome Translocation Down syndrome refers to the type of Down syndrome that is caused by rearranged chromosome material. In this case, there are three # 21 chromosomes, just like there are in, but one of the 21 chromosomes is attached to another chromosome, instead of being separate.

The extra copy of the # 21 chromosome is what causes the health problems that are associated with Down syndrome. In translocation Down syndrome, the extra 21 chromosome may be attached to the #14 chromosome, or to other chromosome numbers like 13, 15, or 22. In some cases, two # 21 chromosomes can be attached to each other.

Three to 4 percent of babies born with Down syndrome have translocation Down syndrome. Whenever a translocation is found in a child, the parents’ chromosomes are studied to determine whether the translocation was inherited or not. If one parent has the translocation chromosome, then the doctor knows the baby inherited the translocation from that parent.

When a person has a rearrangement of chromosome material, with no extra or missing chromosome material, he or she is said to have a “balanced translocation” or be a “balanced translocation carrier.” Parents with balanced translocations may have fertility problems (trouble becoming pregnant), miscarriages, or have an increased chance of having a child with health problems.

Although the parent can donate the proper amount of genetic material (23 chromosomes) to a pregnancy, he or she also has a risk of donating too much or too little genetic material to a pregnancy. This is not something the parent can control or predict.

The chance depends on the type of chromosome rearrangement and which chromosomes are involved. There is another important factor to remember when a parent is found to have a translocation. The parents’ relatives (brothers, sisters) may also have inherited the translocation and, therefore, may have the same risks for problems with a pregnancy.

For these reasons, it is recommended that people with chromosome rearrangements share this information with their relatives so that they can have the option of having their chromosomes studied. : Translocation Down Syndrome

What is translocation in biology a level?

Translocation – Translocation is the movement of dissolved substances, such as sucrose and amino acids, from parts of the plant where the substances are made to other parts of the plant where they’re needed. Translocation takes place in the phloem – transport vessels made up of two types of cell, sieve tube elements and companion cells,

The parts of the plant which make these substances are referred to as sources (e.g. the leaves) and the parts of the plant which store or use the substances are called sinks (examples include bulbs and roots). When sucrose reaches a sink, it is converted into starch for carbohydrate storage. This maintains a concentration gradient between the source and the sink, so that more sucrose moves into the source.

Translocation is an active process, so if respiration is reduced or inhibited (e.g. using a respiratory toxin), translocation will be impaired,

What is translocation in biology A level OCR A?

Translocation is an energy requiring process which serves as a means of transporting assimilates such as sucrose in the phloem between sources which release sucrose such as leaves and sinks e.g. roots and meristem which remove sucrose from the phloem.