Why Were Chainsaws Invented Fact Check?

Why Were Chainsaws Invented Fact Check

What were chainsaws invented for Tiktok?

What were chainsaws invented for? The question goes viral on TikTok Questions about the origins of chainsaws are going viral on TikTok, with users recording their reactions before and after finding the answer. And no, this is not about the anime, This is not the first time this inquiry has made the rounds on the social media platform.

  • However, the most recent time has users recording their reactions while “You’re F****” by Ylvis plays in the background.
  • As it turns out, an early hand-cranked prototype version of chainsaws was first designed to help in quickening the childbirth process.
  • It is not surprising that the viral trend has left the internet shocked and even appalled.

Thousands of likes and shares of reaction videos have prompted even more people to google for answers.

What is the brief history of the chainsaw?

The Modern Chainsaw – Saws were already in use during the first quarter of the 19th century. In England, large circular and band saws were used as a means to refining and cutting large pieces of wood in the desired thickness and length. Axes were still used as saws were unable to cut through thick trunks.

  • The origins of the modern chainsaw are debated.
  • The first chainsaw was designed by German orthopaedist Bernhard Heine in 1830.
  • He called it the osteotome, from the Greek osteo (bone) and tome or tomi (cut); literally, the bonecutter.
  • This chainsaw, as well as many that followed, were used for medical purposes.

They resembled the modern chainsaw in design but were smaller and required manual turning of a handle to move the blade that carried the cutting teeth. At the beginning of the 20th century, many researchers were looking for ways to power stronger and more efficient chainsaws.

  • The first patent for an electric chainsaw, the “endless chain saw” as it was called, was granted to Samuel J. Bens.
  • In 1926, the first electric chainsaw that would move to the production line was patented by Andreas Stihl.
  • It was a heavy and bulky model, weighing in at 116 pounds.
  • Troops brought the model to Europe in 1941.

Before the end of World War II, all chainsaws were wheeled and had to be carried and used by two people. As aluminium alloys and other forged steel parts were developed, chainsaws began to get lighter and lighter.

Why were chainsaws invented simple terms?

Prepare yourself for this news: The chainsaw was originally invented for childbirth, as well as the excision (or ‘cutting out’) of bone. Now, just imagine—at the time the chainsaw was prototyped in the 18th century by two Scottish doctors, John Aitken and James Jeffray, there were no anesthetics.

Why were chainsaws invented easy?

FACT: The chainsaw was originally developed to aid in difficult childbirths – By Claire Maldarelli When you picture a chainsaw, the typical uses that come to mind usually have to do with wood (and, you know, chopping it). But why were chainsaws invented, really? It might surprise you that the device’s origin lands about as far away from a lumber yard as you can get: The creators of the chainsaw were two Scottish surgeons named John Aitken and James Jeffray.

  • And they developed their gnarly and dangerous device to help them do their jobs—cutting human bone and flesh.
  • Even under the best possible circumstances, giving birth is not what most would call a pleasant experience,
  • But in the 18th century, prior to the development of anesthesia and other modern surgical tools, delivery could turn incredibly dangerous with little warning,

When babies came out feet-first or their bodies were otherwise trapped in the birth canal, doctors would have to widen the pelvic area by cutting into the cartilage and bone. Aitken and Jeffray found that a sharp knife just didn’t do the trick in a timely fashion, so, somewhat shockingly, they created a chainsaw as a more precise and humane option.

How did they cut down trees before chainsaws?

Due in part to the vastly increased demand for wood products and the construction of new homes, the postwar national forest managers were active in opening vast forest areas to timber management. Until then, the timber industry viewed the national forests as huge timber sources that needed to be kept off the market so that the timber industry could keep private timber prices high.

Logging truck on Pole Road, Clearwater National Forest (Idaho), 1935 USDA Forest Service

Timber Management The technology of extracting timber from the woods changed dramatically. Before the Depression and war, much lumbering was done with axes and crosscut saws, but after the war, everyone was using the new, highly efficient chainsaws. Log transportation evolved from horses, oxen, floating logs down rivers, and railroads to the new systems of roads and trucks, and even balloons and helicopters by the 1970’s.

With the increased emphasis on timber production, the number of timber sales jumped. Forestry schools around the Nation were training thousands of new foresters who were dedicated to finding more efficient and intensive methods of managing the national forests. The Forest Service was entering what has been called the “hard hat era.” Intensive forest management was beginning in earnest.

Congress passed the Tongass Timber Act on July 27, 1947, which authorized four 50-year timber sales on Alaska’s Tongass National Forest.

A Large Douglas-Fir Tree Being Felled by Ax and Crosscut Saw in Western Washington, circa 1899 USDA Forest Service

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Early Chainsaw (Gas) Felling Sugar Pine, Stanilaus National Forest (California), 1948 USDA Forest Service

TREE CUTTING TECHNOLOGY Adapted from Encyclopedia of American Forest and Conservation History (1983) and other sources. Tree cutting (logging) technology has undergone extensive changes in the last 200 years. When colonists arrived on the eastern seaboard, the ax was the only method to fell trees to clear farmland, build houses, and provide firewood for the hearth.

Yet early settlers were faced with many problems in the New World, including the fact that the trees were very large and very tall, unlike the trees the settlers had left in Europe. By 1789, the American felling ax evolved to meet the settlers’ needs. This unique ax was straight handled and single bitted (one blade), which gave great balance and more power to the stroke.

It short, heavy, wedge-shaped blade was both durable and easily extracted from the wood. Curved handles became standard during the 19th century. Some time around 1850, loggers began using a double-bitted ax. This new invention proved to be very popular.

The ax had the advantage of having two cutting edges, yet still possessed the balance and durability of the single-bitted ax. By the 1880’s, Americans were making these blades of cast steel—rather than iron with a steel cutting edge welded on. American settlers also modified European cutting or chopping techniques.

Instead of making V-shaped cuts at almost the same level on opposite sides of a tree trunk. Americans made one cut lower than the other (the undercut) and made both cuts flat on the bottom. This method gave the feller greater control over the direction the tree would fall and reduced the time-consuming use of wedges and levers.

  1. Beginning in the 1870’s, crosscut saws were adapted to felling trees—a major innovation.
  2. Crosscut saws had long been used to cut logs into lengths once they were on the ground, but now the saws were used in the horizontal position to cut the trees down.
  3. Two crosscut saw developments helped this major advance: The invention of raker teeth, which when coupled with cutting teeth and gullets carried away the sawdust and tree pitch or sap that would often clog the saw blade.

The invention resulted in a saw that could cut green standing trees without binding the blade. The other invention was the adoption of the tempered steel blade, which was stronger than previous saws and would remain sharp through hours of use. Use of crosscut saws, especially the two-man saws, spread rapidly and became the industry standard for many years.

  1. By the turn of the 20th century, new saw designs with different teeth had been developed for use on different tree species.
  2. In the 1920’s, the bucksaw replaced the crosscut saw in the Northeast and Canada.
  3. The bucksaw was lighter, but not suitable for large trees.
  4. The springboard was introduced in the far West and in cypress logging in the South.

Essentially, springboards were metal-tipped planks that were inserted into notches chopped into the tree trunks. These springboards served as platforms on which the fellers stood, allowing them to be above the dense undergrowth and above the swollen base of the old-growth trees, which were often pitch-laden and full of rotten wood.

During this period, logging operations were often along the edges of streams and rivers, making the transportation of logs downstream to the mill a relatively easy task—river log drives. As harvesting proceeded, logging operations moved farther and farther away from the river’s edge, creating a problem—how to move the heavy logs.

Loggers responded by cutting smaller length logs or, in the case of redwoods and other large trees, by splitting (riving) the logs lengthwise. Yarding or skidding of the logs also changed over the decades. The most difficult aspect was moving the logs from where they were felled to a place where they could be transported to the mill.

Log moving technology progressed quickly in the United States from the human effort applied through brute force and primitive tools to oxen and horses. In the Northeast and Lake States, logs were very often hauled during the winter months when horses could easily pull heavily laden sleds over the ice and snow.

Mechanization came to the woods in the form of high-wheel logging where logs were suspended under and arch that connected a set of large wooden wheels. High wheels, as they were called, were pulled by horse or oxen, and later steam powered tractors. Beginning in the 1880’s, railroads with special geared locomotives were used to transport the logs from the forest to the mill.

  1. Three well-known gear driven locomotives were manufactured by Shay, Climax, and Heisler.
  2. Many of the first Forest Service timber sales were railroad operations.
  3. A great improvement on hauling logs to transportation sites was the invention of the stationary steam-powered Dolbeer donkey engines to yard (pull) logs from where they fell to a central location.

The process was referred to as ground lead logging. The crawler-type tractor, first powered by gasoline, then diesel engines, was used beginning in the 1920’s to pull logs along the ground or used with big wheels, arched steel axles, and A-frame logging arches.

  • In the 1920’s, with the invention of the cable-operated blade by Forest Service employees in Portland, Oregon, the “cat” was ready to replace the donkey engine to haul logs or build roads in almost any terrain.
  • Gasoline- and then diesel-powered logging trucks were used in the forests beginning around World War I, but their main impact came shortly after the end of World War II.

Since that time almost all logging operations on national forests have used logging roads and trucks to carry logs from the forest to the mill. Newer technological inventions, such as the high-lead logging with a spar tree, skyline full-suspension systems with one or more spar trees or towers, balloon, and helicopter operations, allowed logs to be carried high over the forest with very little dragging of the logs through the often steep, rugged country with fragile soils.

  • Many of these new systems would become required on the steep mountainous country that was characteristic of many national forests.
  • The first power saw was built in the 1870’s, when the Ransome steam tree-feller was designed.
  • What may have been the first gasoline-powered chain saw was tested in 1905 at Eureka, California.
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These early experiments were followed by air- and electric-powered models. Moderately successful drag (reciprocating) saws were used to cut fallen logs to length and to make short bolts for shingles. All of these experimental models proved to be too cumbersome, too heavy, and too undependable.

Then in 1927, Andreas Stihl of Stuttgart, Germany, built a portable, gasoline-powered chainsaw that revolutionized the industry. But because of the Great Depression, power saws remained relatively rare until after World War II. The chainsaw soon replaced the crosscut and bucksaws for felling trees, as well as the remaining ax work.

The chainsaw also made new felling techniques possible. In the big timber country, the Humboldt undercut was used. After an initial horizontal cut on the tree trunk, a second angle was sawed up to the horizontal cut; then the “wedge” of wood between the two cuts was removed from the stump.

The tree trunk was then cut from the backside along the horizontal cut on the frontside until it would fall down. This would leave the butt end of the log with a square end. By the 1940’s, hydraulic shears appeared that could cut through standing trees when pressure was applied to heavy-duty blades. By the 1960’s, a variety of tractor-mounted shears were in use, with many machines designed not only to cut the trees, but also to remove the bark and limbs, cut the tree to desired lengths, and stack the logs.

These new systems worked very well on relatively flat terrain and with small-diameter trees. Another advantage was that they could operate during either the day or night. Other inventions have played roles in the evolution of logging technology, some of which have come into widespread use—others limited use.

With increasing pressure from the Federal agencies to reduce ground erosion during and after logging operations, restricting the use of heavy equipment has become the norm. Full-suspension of logs, use of low-pressure tire-tractors, selective cutting, directional felling, and aerial removal of logs are all measures that may be required of logging companies in order to log on national forests or Bureau of Land Management lands today.

In any case, the new techniques and equipment are easier on the land, usually more efficient, but also more costly. Research Builds During the same period, national forest research came of age. Research stations and new experimental forests conducted studies to find better ways to harvest trees, construct new roads, and measure the effects of logging and roads on streams and watersheds.

H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest Willamette National Forest (Oregon), 1953 USDA Forest Service

The BLM in the Department of the Interior was formed in 1946 from the Grazing Service and the GLO. The BLM currently manages some 264 million acres of Federal land—mostly grazing land with the exception of the old O&C Railroad Grant land in western Oregon, which is heavily timbered.

  1. Forest Protection The Forest Pest Control Act of 1947 paved the way for increased protection from pest outbreaks.
  2. The act encouraged Federal, State, and private cooperation in the prevention, control, and even eradication of forest insects and diseases that reduced tree growth or killed trees.
  3. In 1948, the Forest Service became involved in the Yazoo-Little Tallahatchie Flood Prevention Project—the largest tree planting program the country has ever known—with some 621,000 acres planted.

The project was designed to rehabilitate severely eroding lands—with some gullies as much as 50 feet deep—in Mississippi. The USDA Soil Conservation Service (now called the Natural Resources Conservation Service), as well as other Federal, State, 19 counties, and many local agencies, cooperated in this extensive project until it ended in 1985. Richard Edwin McArdle was born on February 25, 1899, in Lexington, Kentucky. In 1952, McArdle became Chief of the Forest Service. As the first Chief to hold a Ph.D. and to have been a researcher, he felt the need for balanced management of the national forests.

  1. During his tenure as Chief, The Timber Resource Review was published; it evaluated the total timber resources in the United States.
  2. The landmark Multiple-Use Sustained Yield Act of 1960 established policy for the broad development and administration of the national forests in the public interest.
  3. McArdle was successful in increasing intensive management of the national forests, as well as providing for reforestation of logged and other lands, curbing mining and grazing abuses, and accelerating various recreation projects.

During his tenure, the Forest Service was assigned the management of 4 million acres of western plains lands designated as national grasslands. McArdle also was instrumental in upgrading Forest Service personnel, hiring new specialists to bring about intensive management, and increasing the professionalism of employees.

  1. He improved relations with the timber industry by backing away from earlier proposals to regulate timber harvesting practices on private lands.
  2. Richard E.
  3. McArdle wrote: Farm woodland and other small private forests hold the key to this Nation’s future timber supply.
  4. These lands, generally in poor condition, are the greatest potential source of wood fiber.

Producing more wood on these lands requires concerted effort by State and Federal forests, forest industries, and the landowners. New Specialists and Land During the 1950’s, forest engineers, landscape architects, and silviculturists became common in the Forest Service.

  • In 1954, the agency became responsible for managing approximately 4 million acres of “land utilization projects” (referred to as L-U lands), which were basically grazing lands on the Great Plains.
  • These lands, acquired by the Federal Government during the Depression years of the 1930’s, were in many cases relinquished or abandoned farms.

In 1960, the earlier land utilization projects became the first national grasslands. In 1953, the Department of Agriculture transferred forest insect and disease research and control work from other Department agencies to the Forest Service.

Little Missouri National Grassland, Custer National Forest (North Dakota), 1995 USDA Forest Service

NATIONAL GRASSLANDS Adapted from Terry West’s Essay on National Grasslands The origin of the USDA Forest Service-administered national grasslands begins with the disposal of public lands in the early 20th century. The Enlarged Homestead Act of 1909, for example, offered free land to those who would cultivate the Great Plains.

Market demand for wheat during and after World War I further motivated “sodbusters” to settle previously bypassed grassland areas and plow them for cultivation. The removal of the grass that held down the soil on these marginal farm lands contributed to the erosion of the “dustbowl” in the drought years of the 1930’s.

In that decade, an estimated 2-1/2 million people abandoned their small farms, mainly on the plains. Many of the migrated to the west coast to work in the fields. The young author John Steinbeck was so affected by the sight of these families pouring into California to work the fruit harvest that he immortalized them in the novel The Grapes of Wrath.

  1. The economic and ecological plight of the Nation spurred Government action to address the effects of the Depression, especially in the “dustbowl” area of the Great Plains.
  2. In 1931, a national conference entitled “Land Utilization” called for a survey of submarginal farmlands.
  3. Once these lands were identified, the Government began to purchase them under the authorization of the National Industrial Revolution Act of 1933 and Emergency Relief Appropriations Act of 1935.

The aim was to control erosion, produce more forage, and ensure economic stability for rural residents who had remained. Depleted cropland was planted with grass and the grazing of cattle and sheep on the public rangelands changed from year around grazing to grazing on a rotating basis.

  • Various government programs undertook water and soil conservation projects.
  • The purchased lands were called Land Utilization (L-U) projects after the title of the 1931 conference.
  • The Government obtained title to 11.3 million acres in 45 States for $47.5 million (about $4.40 an acre) by voluntary sales.

After the L-U lands were purchased, they were used for practical demonstrations of the best soil conservation techniques to set an example for adjacent private landholders. Between 1933 and 1946, there were 250 L-U projects that focused on grazing, forests, recreation, wildlife, and watershed protection.

During the Depression years, relief agencies hired unemployed locals to work on L-U soil conservation projects, enabling many who stayed on the land to survive. Specific projects of the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) (now Natural Resources Conservation Service) included building stock water ponds and reservoirs, planting trees, seeding grasslands (with crested-wheatgrass, a bunchgrass originally imported from Siberia), and controlling erosion and fire.

The lands were first administered by the U.S. Resettlement Administration, later called the Farm Security Administration. The Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act of 1937 gave custody of the L-U lands to the Secretary of Agriculture and authorized more extensive conservation efforts.

In 1938, the SCS was given the task of managing the L-U lands. The period after World War II was one of intense range rehabilitation by the SCS. By Secretary of Agriculture Administrative Order dated December 24, 1953 (effective January 2, 1954), management of the remaining 5.5 million acres of L-U lands was transferred from the SCS to the Forest Service.

The original intent was that the Forest Service act as interim manager pending final disposal of these acquired lands. By 1958, about 1.5 million acres had been incorporated into adjacent national forests. Discussion over the future of these lands continued.

  1. On June 20, 1960, some 3,804,000 acres were designated as 19 national grasslands.
  2. The Forest Service was now responsible for the permanent retention and management of the grasslands.
  3. The 1960 order stated that the national grasslands were to be administered as part of the National Forest System under the Bankhead-Jones Tenant Act, and that the Forest Service was to manage these lands for outdoor recreation, range, timber, watershed, and wildlife and fish.

This new task created some internal confusion about the place of the national grasslands in the agency and their national function. When the Forest Service took over management of the grasslands, existing SCS policies were not readily accepted by the Forest Service.

  1. The Forest Service had managed rangeland for 50 years and many of its range staff felt that the new national grasslands should abide by established agency practices.
  2. One area of difference was working with grazing associations.
  3. In 1939, the SCS had entered into cooperative agreements with Great Plains State’s grazing associations and districts.

These associations originated on the Great Plains as early as 1931 when stockmen organized to request that Congress withdraw public domain land from homesteading and permit it to be leased on a long-term basis. Forest Service officials were reluctant to surrender to grazing associations control of activities such as issuing permits, collecting fees, and controlling trespass and fires.

  • However, the mass transfer of SCS employees in Montana and the Dakotas to the Forest Service in this transition period led to the eventual acceptance of many of the SCS practices.
  • The current policy is to rely on grazing associations where practical.
  • This arrangement is most common in the larger L-U range lands in the northern Great Plains.

By the 1970’s, national grasslands in northern New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas ceased to have grazing associations. Instead, the Forest Service issued individual grazing permits and fenced off grassland units to make separate pastures. The change was a logical adaptation to the region’s ecology and land use patterns.

The L-U lands purchased in New Mexico-Oklahoma-Texas area were smaller than those on the northern Great Plains. For example, the Black Kettle allotments ranged from 30 to 1,500 acres.) The national environmental focus of the 1970’s and 1980’s on the national forests spilled over to the national grasslands.

District rangers on both national grasslands and national forest districts found that local concerns over specific project impacts were transformed into national issues. On the grasslands this has meant the employment of more wildlife biologists and and increased stress on noncommodity resources.

  1. In the late-1990’s, management of the national grasslands in the Dakotas was given greater emphasis when they were given the same management treatment as the national forests—one supervisor’s office to manage several grasslands.
  2. Future management of the national grasslands will involve many more specialists, ecosystem management, collaborative stewardship, and cooperative efforts between all the special interest groups.

It will not be an easy task. Mining In 1955, the Multiple-Use Mining Act helped prevent abuses of mining laws and curtail mining abuses that interfered with managing national forest lands. An important feature of this law was that, after proper notice, mining claimants could be requested to prove the validity of their mining claims.

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Air Tanker Dropping Chemical on a Fire USDA Forest Service

MINING ON THE NATIONAL FORESTS Adapted from Terry West’s Centennial a Mini-Histories of the Forest Service (1992) “Prosperous mining is impossible without prosperous forests,” Forest Service Chief Gifford Pinchot told the mining industry in 1901 in his quest for support for forest conservation and Federal forest reserves.

The linkage between the fortunes of mining and forests in the United States grew following the discovery of the rich Comstock silver lode at Virginia City, Nevada—large underground mines needed mine timbers to support the tunnels. Between 1860 and 1880, an estimated 600 million board feet of timber from Sierra Nevada forests were used in the Comstock.

Many new sawmills were built around the country to supply mine timbers from local forests. Pinchot was after more than just asking miners to conserve limber when he told them about the relationship between forestry and mining. Miners and prospectors had been early opponents of the proposed Federal forest reserves.

  1. They worried that mining would be restricted on such reserves and voiced their concerns in the congressional debate over the Organic Act of 1897.
  2. The General Land Office (GLO) first timber sale (Case No.1) was made in 1898 to the Homestake Mining Company for timber from the Black Hills Forest Reserve.

Homestake purchased 15 million board feet at a dollar per thousand. The contract required that no tree smaller than 8 inches in diameter be removed, and that the brush resulting from the harvest be “piled.” The Federal Government’s regulation of mining was not a critical issue in Congress until the California Gold Rush of 1849 and later rushes in Colorado, Nevada, Idaho, and Montana.

These “finds” resulted in claims being worked on public domain lands. After the Civil War, Congress passed a number of laws intending to establish some semblance of order to the mining industry. Two of these laws— the Lode Law of 1866 and the Placer Act of 1870—merely legalized what had been the unofficial “law of the land.” The General Mining Law of 1872 consolidated the earlier laws and confirmed the principle that minerals found on public domain land belonged to the person who found (located) them.

The 1872 law also:

Set standards for making mineral claims on public land Set no royalty fees for production Set fees for transfer of the land from public to private ownership ($2.50 per acre) Set the size of the claims Allowed a claimant to hold the land indefinitely as long as minimal work was completed ($100 value per year) on the claim

A claim was set at 20 acres, with no limit on the number of claims that could be filed. A person could hold his claim by performing $100 worth of work each year or by obtaining permanent legal ownership of the minerals and land surface by paying a fee to “patent” the claim.

Most importantly, the claimant was granted legal claim to the discovery of a valuable mineral deposit. The transfer of the forest reserves from the Department of the Interior to the Department of Agriculture in 1905 removed much of the USDA foresters’ impediment in regulating the forest reserves; however, mining remained under control of the Department of the Interior.

Richard Ballinger, appointed in 1907 to head GLO and elevated to Secretary of the Interior in 1909, differed with Chief Gifford Pinchot over coal claims in Alaska. Ballinger wanted them patented, while Pinchot argued for Federal leasing. Pinchot feared a national coal famine would result if the private sector was allowed complete freedom to exploit coal fields without concern for future needs.

  1. The mining industry depicted Pinchot as out to curtail the citizen’s right to engage in free enterprise—the “little guy” was being crushed by Government.
  2. By 1910, the dispute between Pinchot and Ballinger reached the point that President Taft fired Pinchot.
  3. Historians now note that the coal debate was only a small part of the conflict between Pinchot, President Taft, and his cabinet over natural resource management policies.

In 1920, Congress passed the Mineral Leasing Act, which incorporated oil and natural gas, oil shale, phosphates, sulfates, carbonites, and other surface and subsurface resources under a system of rental and royalty fees. The Government still retained ownership of the land.

The 1947 Materials Disposal Act set standards for the Federal Government to sell materials such as sand, gravel, building stone, clay, pumice, and cinders from Federal lands. Competitive building was an integral part of the act. In the early 1950’s, the Forest Service and several conservation groups launched a campaign to expose abuses found under the various mining laws.

The resulting investigations found widespread problems—mining claims were being used as home and recreation cabin sites, excuses to cut the timber, fishing and hunting camps in remote areas, commercial businesses, and even trash dumps. Congress responded by passing the Multiple-Use Mining Act of 1955.

As a result, the Forest Service was able to reclaim thousands of “mineral” claims that were never used for their authorized and intended purpose, others that had no minerals, and even more that had not lived up to annual work requirements on the claim. The Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA) of 1976 changed the procedures for filing mineral claims—the paperwork had to be filed with the Bureau of Land Management (rather than the local county courthouse) and all claims needed to be refiled by 1979.

As a result of FLPMA, the Federal Government found that some 1.1 million mining claims were located on Federal lands and also eliminated many fraudulent claims. Legislation to “fix” the General Mining Law of 1872 has been proposed many times over the years, but every effort has been successfully blocked by the mining industry and western congressional delegations.

  1. Recreation and Timber Demands Recreational demands on the national forests were increasing; millions of new visitors used the national forests and parks.
  2. Operation Outdoors,” a 5-year program designed to improve and replace many of the older CCC-built structures, was launched in 1957 to expand the recreation facilities and opportunities on the national forests to meet demand.

In 1958, the Forest Service issued the results of the nationwide Timber Resource Review, “Timber Resources for America’s Future.” This extensive national study begun 6 years earlier and prepared with the assistance of other Federal, State, and private organizations, found that the Nation needed to grow more timber to meet expected demands.

Winter Olympics at Squaw Valley, Tahoe National Forest (California), 1960 USDA Forest Service

At the same time, there was a growing concern that the Forest Service was clearcutting too many areas that were also used for recreation. This issue and others about resource priorities would involve many outdoor groups, timber industry organizations, the Forest Service, and Congress, and would result in the Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act of 1960.

What is the purpose of a chainsaw?

A chainsaw (or chain saw) is a portable gasoline-, electric-, or battery-powered saw that cuts with a set of teeth attached to a rotating chain driven along a guide bar. It is used in activities such as tree felling, limbing, bucking, pruning, cutting firebreaks in wildland fire suppression, and harvesting of firewood.

Why does chainsaw man have chainsaws?

Chainsaw Man
First tankōbon volume cover, featuring Denji in his Devil-human Hybrid form, Chainsaw Man
チェンソーマン ( Chensō Man )
Genre
  • Action
  • Comedy horror
  • Dark fantasy
Manga
Written by Tatsuki Fujimoto
Published by Shueisha
English publisher NA Viz Media
Imprint Jump Comics
Magazine
  • Weekly Shōnen Jump
  • (December 3, 2018 – December 14, 2020)
  • Shōnen Jump+
  • (July 13, 2022 – present)
English magazine NA Weekly Shonen Jump
Demographic Shōnen
Original run December 3, 2018 – present
Volumes 15 ( List of volumes )
Anime television series
Directed by
  • Ryū Nakayama
  • Makoto Nakazono
Written by Hiroshi Seko
Music by Kensuke Ushio
Studio MAPPA
Licensed by Crunchyroll SA / SEA Medialink
Original network TXN ( TV Tokyo )
Original run October 12, 2022 – December 28, 2022
Episodes 12 ( List of episodes )
Anime and manga portal

Chainsaw Man ( Japanese : チェンソーマン, Hepburn : Chensō Man ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Tatsuki Fujimoto, Its first arc was serialized in Shueisha ‘s shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from December 2018 to December 2020; its second arc began serialization in Shueisha’s Shōnen Jump+ online magazine in July 2022.

  1. Its chapters have been collected in 15 tankōbon volumes as of August 2023.
  2. Chainsaw Man follows the story of Denji, an impoverished young man who makes a contract that fuses his body with that of a dog-like devil named Pochita, granting him the ability to transform parts of his body into chainsaws.
  3. Denji eventually joins the Public Safety Devil Hunters, a government agency focused on fighting against devils whenever they become a threat to Japan.

The second arc of the story focuses on Asa Mitaka, a high school student who enters into a contract with Yoru, the War Devil, who forces her to hunt down Chainsaw Man in order to reclaim the devils stolen from her. In North America, the manga is licensed in English by Viz Media, for both print and digital release, and it is also published by Shueisha on the Manga Plus online platform.

  1. An anime television series adaptation produced by MAPPA was broadcast from October to December 2022.
  2. By August 2023, the manga had over 26 million copies in circulation, making it one of the best-selling manga series,
  3. In 2021, it won the 66th Shogakukan Manga Award in the shōnen category and won the Harvey Awards in the Best Manga category in 2021 and 2022.

Chainsaw Man has been overall well received by critics, who have commended its storytelling, characters, dark humor, and have particularly highlighted its violent scenes within the context of the story.

Why are chainsaws bad for the environment?

Particulate matter emissions: Trimmers and chainsaws are worse than highway traffic Motorway maintenance workers are exposed to various harmful emissions. Surprisingly, motorised hand-held tools such as strimmers (string trimmers) and chainsaws, rather than motorway traffic, are responsible for the highest emissions of particulate matter.

These are the conclusions of a study supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). The study was conducted between May 2010 and February 2012 by researchers working with Michael Riediker at the Institute for Work and Health in Lausanne. They accompanied 18 maintenance workers on 50 working days during tasks such as clearing snow, mending crash barriers, cleaning drains, cutting wood or mowing grass on the motorway central reservation.

They measured the levels of air pollution, particulates and noise to which workers were exposed during each activity. The result compared to the average population, maintenance workers are exposed to between three and eight times higher particulate levels.

  1. In addition, noise levels often exceed the critical level of 85 decibels.
  2. Real belchers” Surprisingly, motorway traffic is not the main source of noise and pollutants.
  3. More than 50 percent of airborne particulates are emitted by strimmers and chainsaws.
  4. The small combustion engines which the workers carry on their backs use petrol with oil additives.

This makes them real belchers,” says Reto Meier, the lead author of the study. The quickest way to reduce particulate levels, therefore, is to improve the engines in these machines. This is primarily a challenge for the manufacturers, but Meier adds that employers can also play a role by considering emission levels when purchasing equipment.

  • Hearing protection Maintenance workers are exposed to the highest noise levels when using pneumatic drills.
  • But the use of strimmers or chainsaws and the traffic during maintenance work in tunnels also give rise to noise levels of 90 decibels or more.
  • Researchers noticed that workers wear hearing protection reliably when they are the cause of the noise, but often fail to do so when the noise is caused by their colleagues or by the traffic.

“To prevent damage to the ears, protection should be worn whenever possible,” says Meier. : Particulate matter emissions: Trimmers and chainsaws are worse than highway traffic

When did chainsaws start cutting trees?

When were chainsaws first used to cut wood? – Chainsaws were first used to cut wood in the middle of the 18th century after they delivered solid cutting advantages for forestry owners. It wasn’t until the early 19th century that chain saws became widely popular. The first one-man chainsaw built to cut wood was produced in the 1950s and weighed about double the weight of chainsaws.

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Why we don’t cut down trees?

Learn the effects of deforestation Forest destruction is a crisis for the whole planet. Find out how we can all fight to save our forests. That’s every two seconds, every single day. And we’re not including commercially grown trees and plantations. We mean natural, noisy forests that were full of life, and home to threatened species such as orangutans and jaguars.

  • There’s only about half the number of trees on the planet today that there were when humans first evolved.
  • And the fastest rate of forest destruction has been in the past couple of centuries.
  • Up to 15 billion trees are now being cut down every year across the world.
  • It’s just not sustainable, or very smart – for wildlife, for people, or for the climate.

We’re fighting hard to stop forest destruction. Years of committed work by environmental campaigners, politicians and businesses is starting to pay off, but there’s lots more to do. And we urgently need your help. Deforestation affects us all, whether we realise it or not.

As well as being stunningly beautiful, forests are vital for the health of our planet. They provide food and shelter for so much of life on Earth – from fungi and insects to tigers and elephants. More than half the world’s land-based plants and animals, and three-quarters of all birds, live in and around forests.

Forests have a big influence on rainfall patterns, water and soil quality and flood prevention too. Millions of people rely directly on forests as their home or for making a living. But the risks from deforestation go even wider. Trees absorb and store carbon dioxide.

  1. If forests are cleared, or even disturbed, they release carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
  2. Forest loss and damage is the cause of around 10% of global warming.
  3. There’s simply no way we can fight the climate crisis if we don’t stop deforestation.   We need to protect forests now more than ever.

Most deforestation is carried out to clear land for food production. This is not a new thing – for instance in the UK we largely cleared our natural forests centuries ago to create more agricultural land. But now we know the wider damage deforestation can do – and especially at the alarming pace and scale of destruction happening around the world.

The majority of the deforestation is linked to meat, soya and palm oil. Huge swathes of tropical forest are removed so the land can be used for growing soya to feed farm animals like pigs and poultry. All to meet the insatiable global demand for cheap meat. Even though the damage is mainly done to tropical forests, the causes can be linked to eating habits all around the world – including here in the UK.

Our footprint is mainly linked to soya grown to feed British reared animals. So the chicken and bacon in our shops may well be unwittingly contributing to global deforestation. We help reduce forest damage in a number of ways. We’re known for our work with industry and the public to promote more sustainable use of the world’s forests.

  • We co-founded the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), whose tick logo on wood and paper products helps shoppers identify and support sustainable forest management.
  • And we were founder members of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), who’ve improved and expanded the sources of responsibly-produced palm oil.

Plus we helped bring in legislation to prevent illegal timber being sold in the UK. In 2014, dozens of high-profile firms signed up to our Forest Campaign, including Argos, B&Q, Carillion, M&S, Penguin Random House and Sainsbury’s. They all pledged their wood and paper would be legally and sustainably sourced by 2020.

We’ve had our successes, but the challenges keep growing too. We helped reduce deforestation in the Amazon by 75% between 2004 and 2012. But since then deforestation has been on the increase, with the highest rate of deforestation in a decade recorded in 2018. In an emergency response to the scale and intensity of the current Amazon fires, we’ve also launched an appeal to support our local WWF Amazon teams working with local organisations to carry out urgent work on the ground.

Our focus right now, based on, is with 11 ‘deforestation fronts’ around the world – particularly precious and vulnerable forests where we can predict and prevent the worst damage over the coming years. It includes forests in Africa, Australia, Latin America and South-east Asia.

  1. We’re initiating new projects, supporting existing ones and bringing the right funding to the right action in the right place.  Our ambitious plans aren’t just aimed at preventing destruction, but also at ‘reforesting’ – restoring or replanting forests that have been damaged or lost.
  2. We’ve linked up with two other conservation charities, BirdLife and WCS, for the project – making a bold commitment to forest protection and restoration.

This project will restore 5.2 million hectares of forest in Tanzania by 2030. There are lots of things we can all do, right now, to protect the world’s forests. For instance, choose recycled paper products and look for the FSC ‘tick-tree’ logo when you’re shopping.

But your diet has the biggest impact. If you haven’t already, think about moderating the amount of meat you eat, perhaps considering it a weekend treat. And experiment with plant-based ingredients instead – there are plenty of new, innovative alternatives on offer now. Also, make sure any palm oil in the products you buy is sustainably sourced – it may say RSPO on the label.

And of course you can help by being part of our global campaign to stop deforestation and restore our forests and jungles. : Learn the effects of deforestation

Why can’t you cut down trees?

Why it matters – There are some 250 million people who live in forest and savannah areas and depend on them for subsistence and income—many of them among the world’s rural poor. Eighty percent of Earth’s land animals and plants live in forests, and deforestation threatens species including the orangutan, Sumatran tiger, and many species of birds.

  1. Removing trees deprives the forest of portions of its canopy, which blocks the sun’s rays during the day and retains heat at night.
  2. That disruption leads to more extreme temperature swings that can be harmful to plants and animals.
  3. With wild habitats destroyed and human life ever expanding, the line between animal and human areas blurs, opening the door to zoonotic diseases,

In 2014, for example, the Ebola virus killed over 11,000 people in West Africa after fruit bats transmitted the disease to a toddler who was playing near trees where bats were roosting. ( How deforestation is leading to more infectious diseases in humans,) Some scientists believe there could be as many as 1.7 million currently “undiscovered” viruses in mammals and birds, of which up to 827,000 could have the ability to infect people, according to a 2018 study,

  1. Deforestation’s effects reach far beyond the people and animals where trees are cut.
  2. The South American rainforest, for example, influences regional and perhaps even global water cycles, and it’s key to the water supply in Brazilian cities and neighboring countries.
  3. The Amazon actually helps furnish water to some of the soy farmers and beef ranchers who are clearing the forest.

The loss of clean water and biodiversity from all forests could have many other effects we can’t foresee, touching even your morning cup of coffee, In terms of climate change, cutting trees both adds carbon dioxide to the air and removes the ability to absorb existing carbon dioxide.

How did the chainsaw change the world?

For hundreds of years the lumberjack’s job was one of the lowliest, at the bottom of the social ladder. This only changed with the introduction of the modern chainsaw. This improved the lumberjack’s social prestige and self esteem. A disdained day labourer became a respected machine operator and specialist.

What was the original use of Tik Tok?

The History and Evolution of TikTok – Before TikTok became TikTok, it was called Musical.ly. It was a short-form video app that mainly focused on lip-syncing content and gained significant popularity at the time. When it was acquired by ByteDance in 2018, the name was changed to TikTok and has since grown exponentially in terms of popularity and user count.

  1. According to the latest TikTok stats, the app has been installed 3 billion times.
  2. It also boasts 1 billion active users on a monthly basis.
  3. This is impressive considering that the platform only had about 133 million monthly active users when it was first introduced in 2018.
  4. The significant user growth speaks volumes about the platform’s popularity and engaging nature.

Moreover, the platform is no longer just for lip-syncing. Creators on the platform are getting extremely creative with their content, putting together funny sketches and informative videos. Entertainment and dance continue to be the most popular types of videos on TikTok.

But you can also find plenty of educational content covering topics ranging from health to investing. @logicalgrowth 5 stocks im holding forever #stockstobuy #stocks #investments #newtoinvesting #investingforbeginners #investingtips #investing101 #stockstok #crypto ♬ Violin – Grooving Gecko The platform also continues to grow in terms of features and capabilities.

For instance, TikTok videos could originally be only up to 15 seconds. The platform has since extended this limit to allow up to 10 minutes of videos–up from the original extension of up to 3 minutes. Considering how it’s evolved over time and especially with the video length extension, TikTok will soon be set to compete with long-form video platforms such as YouTube.

2014 – Musical.ly was introduced mainly as a platform to share lip-syncing. 2018 – ByteDance acquired Musical.ly in August and renamed it TikTok. It became more than just a platform for lip-syncing, with dance challenges becoming the latest trend. 2018 – By October, it became the most downloaded app in the App Store in the photo and video category. 2021 – TikTok extended the video length to 3 minutes. 2022 – TikTok rolled out the ability to upload up to 10 minutes of videos. 2022 – TikTok surpassed 1 billion monthly active users, making it one of the biggest social media platforms.

What were chainsaws invented for Wikipedia?

In surgery – Historical osteotome, a medical bone chainsaw The origin of chain saws in surgery is debated. A “flexible saw”, consisting of a fine serrated link chain held between two wooden handles, was pioneered in the late 18th century ( c. 1783 –1785) by two Scottish doctors, John Aitken and, for and excision of diseased bone, respectively.

It was illustrated in the second edition of Aitken’s Principles of Midwifery, or Puerperal Medicine (1785) in the context of a, In 1806, Jeffray published Cases of the Excision of Carious Joints, which collected a paper previously published by H. Park in 1782 and a translation of an 1803 paper by French physician P.F.

Moreau, with additional observations by Park and Jeffray. In it, Jeffray reported having conceived the idea of a saw “with joints like the of a watch” independently very soon after Park’s original 1782 publication, but that he was not able to have it produced until 1790, after which it was used in the anatomy lab and occasionally lent out to surgeons.

  • Park and Moreau described successful excision of diseased joints, particularly the knee and elbow, and Jeffray explained that the chain saw would allow a smaller wound and protect the adjacent muscles, nerves, and veins.
  • While symphysiotomy had too many complications for most obstetricians, Jeffray’s ideas about the excision of the ends of bones became more accepted, especially after the widespread adoption of anaesthetics.

For much of the 19th century the chain saw was a useful surgical instrument, but it was superseded in 1894 by the, which was substantially cheaper to manufacture, and gave a quicker, narrower cut, without risk of breaking and being entrapped in the bone.

  • A precursor of the chainsaw familiar today in the timber industry was another medical instrument developed around 1830, by orthopaedist,
  • This instrument, the, had links of a chain carrying small cutting teeth with the edges set at an angle; the chain was moved around a guiding blade by turning the handle of a sprocket wheel.

As the name implies, this was used to cut bone.